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Gender Roles Since The 1980 s And Their Impact On The...

This report explores the changes in gender roles since the 1980’s and their impact on the nursing profession Sex and gender According to sociobiology our sex, or, our biological differences are what determines our gender. Sociobiologists suggest that biological elements such as our hormones, chromosomes and the size of our brain are what influence our behaviour and consequently what differentiates our gender. Because men produce more testosterone and androgens than women, which are linked to strength and aggression, sociobiologists argue that this explains men’s dominant and aggressive behaviour. (Haralambos Holborn, 2000) David Berash (1979) argues that behaviours are genetically determined and that those with physical characteristics more adaptable to the environment are more likely to survive. He also suggests that women are looking for quality in men s genes, and while men show off their strength and abilities, women hold back until they can identify the best males. Berash suggests that their ways of doing this is what leads to different social roles. Critics of sociobiology argue that their assumption that all men are aggressive and all woman are evasive cannot be considered universally accurate and also does not explain behaviours such as homosexuality or celibacy (Haralambos Holborn, 2000). Since it is common for women to display masculine behaviours such as being aggressive and men to display feminine behaviours such as being sensitive, Connell (1995) suggestsShow MoreRelatedCultural Safety And Nursing Practice Essay1819 Words   |  8 PagesThis assignment will endeavour to discuss cultural safety and the application to nursing practice. It will highlight three specific issues from the chosen scenario that impacts nursing care, three workplace changes and a suggested change management model used to implement these changes and finally highlight factors that display culturally competent and person centred care is being practiced. In 1980’s the concept of cultural safety was introduced initially to deliver appropriate health services toRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Women1536 Words   |  7 Pageswomen have very different expectations and roles in the work force. In the past almost all corporations have discriminated against gender, especially women. Whether it is women not being allowed certain positions and/or promotions at a job, or women not being allowed into the field of work that they desire at all. Women have also been discriminated by being payed lower wage and made to work longer hours in unsafe and unhealthy work environments. Gender roles set expectations that are extremely incorrectRead MoreWomen And Gender During 20th Century America3566 Words   |  15 Pages Name: Title: Institution: Women and gender In 20th Century America Abstract Paid work for women moved from principally customary female-situated employments to all the more non-conventional and already male-arranged vocations. Ladies support in the workforce prompted them to start careers in the field dominated by male in the 20th century. Career yearnings were affected by elements, such as sexual orientation, financial status, race, occupation and instruction level, and parental desires. ThisRead MoreEssay on Nursing Turnover: Costs, Causes, Solutions2923 Words   |  12 Pagesfinancial and organizational productivity (Beecroft et al, 2008), to workgroup processes and morale, to patient safety and quality of care (i.e. patient satisfaction, length of patient stay, patient falls, and medication errors) (Bae et al, 2010). Nursing Solutions Inc (NSI) reported the national average turnover rate for hospitals increased from 13.5% in 2012 to 14.7% last year. Nurses working in Med/Surg had more turnover than any other specialty with a rate of 16.8%. Other spec ialties that exceededRead More Females In The Canadian Workplace Essay2679 Words   |  11 Pages Running Head:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;WORKPLACE ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN COMPARED IN TODAY’S SOCIETY nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Work Place Roles Of Men and Women Compared in Today’s Society Submitted by: Steven Kopac Submitted to: Pierro Student #: 2321040 Seminar Time: Tuesday @ 11:30-12:30 Course: Sociology 1F90 Brock UniversityRead MoreWhy Do Women Earn Less Than Men?5819 Words   |  24 Pagesbased on gender, a significant earnings gap exists. Women earn less than men in almost every line of work regardless of age, race, ethnic background or level of education. This study discusses the disparity of income between men and women, and the primary factors that contribute to the disparity. It then looks at some of the legislation that has been passed or is under consideration to address the issue. Finally, it concludes that there are many reasons for the disparity other than gender discriminationRead MoreEssay on Womens Rights in Canadian History1838 Words   |  8 Pagesto have the same rights as men. Prior to the turn of the century, women had little to no rights. World War I and II gave way to change, allowing women to work and eventually allowing them to vote. The feminist movement has made drastic progress since the war. Today women are seen as equal and have the right not only to vote, but to be educated. In 1977 the Canadian Human Rights Act ensured that women could no longer be discriminated based on their sex, race, religion or sexuality. The act specifiedRead MoreThe Meaning of Mental Health and Ill-health2189 Words   |  9 PagesDoherty (2010) recommended gender specific approach to promotion, prevention and treatment programmes at primary care level would attenuate the disinclination. In a study done on the influence of gender and age on the attitudes toward seeking help and the correlation of gender to underutilization of mental health services by the department of psychology at the Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada in 2005 (Mackenzie et al. 2006) it was found that older age and female gender were more positivelyRead MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 PagesThe Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12956.html Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright  © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12956.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Read MoreThe Effects of Stress Among Female Registered Nurses4470 Words   |  18 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Prior research has suggested that nurses, regardless of workplace or culture, are confronted with a variety of stressors. As the worldwide nursing shortage increases, the aged population becomes larger, there is an increase in the incidence of chronic illnesses and technology continues to advance, nurses continually will be faced with numerous workplace stressors. Thus, nurses need to learn how to identify their workplace stressors and to cope

The Secret Life of Bees Movie Review Essay - 630 Words

â€Å"The Secret Life of Bees† Movie Review â€Å"The Secret Life of Bees† is a movie that takes us through the incredible journey of a young girl named Lily Owens. She grows up with the horrible memory of the day she accidentally killed her mother. She and the family maid who has tried to fill the empty void as her mother, Rosaleen, escape the mistreatment that Lily receives from her father, T-Ray. After Rosaleen heard the news on T.V. about the Civil Rights Act being passed, she decided to take the opportunity and register to vote. As they got to town to register Rosaleen, she dumped the juice from her chew container onto men who made fun of her. She was arrested, and that is when they escaped. When Lily asks her father for†¦show more content†¦Lily wants to become a writer, and Zach a lawyer. Their relationship continues to grow, and Zach invites Lily to go to a movie with him. Lily and Zach sit with the colored people at the movie, and a mob comes and takes Zach. The Calendar Sisters are heartbroken when they hear the news. May was so sad and depressed about the whole situation that she was found underwater in the river near the house. Zach comes back soon after May’s death. He is shaken up by the experience. It takes a while for the sisters to recover after the traumatic experience. Neil, June’s boyfriend, has been asking her to marry him throughout the whole movie. Eventually she says yes! Rosaleen is accepted into the sisterly bond and she is called â€Å"July.† Lily showed August the picture of her mother and August told her that she was just like her. She came to their house, much like Lily did, and they took care of her. Lily received a few more items from August that belonged to her mother. The items she was given, which included a pin and a picture of Lily and her mother hugging, proved that Lily’s mother, Deborah, loved her. Lily continues to have better days and receives a necklac e and kiss from Zach. As Lily is adapting to life in the Calendar Sister’s home, T-Ray shows up. He figured out where she was by the location of the push pin hole in her wall from the map that once hung there. He demands that Lily come home with him after he sees her standing thereShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesat the same table with him, and a fountain clerk in St. Louis refused to serve him a soft drink. He dealt with these slights the way he would his entire life: He turned away quietly. But Langston decided that instead of running away from the color line and hating himself for being black, like his father had, he would write about the real-life experiences of black people. He was determined to write stories about Negroes, so true that people in faraway lands would read them. James Langston HughesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes inRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPrinciples of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis

The Importance of Electronic Medical Records in...

Introduction Electronic medical records are the core element in computerized health information system. These systems are constructed with a staggering ability to provide integrated, articulated information. At the center of these systems rest electronic medical records. The strength of these articulated medical records systems is their ability to integrate information from specialists, disciplines, providers, and operators (Coiera, 2003). From fragmented, incomplete paper-based systems that are often difficult to locate and difficult to read once they are found, the move to electronic medical records provides a cohesive, current, accurate, shareable, immediately retrievable source of medical information that consumes fewer administrative resources and requires considerably less space to accommodate (Coiera, 2003). Benefit to patient. Perhaps the greatest benefit experienced by the patient through the use of electronic medical records is the provision of integrated support for discrete care activities. Medical care for one patients particular health issue can entail a wide range of activities, all of which must be coordinated and the results of which must be communicated to pertinent care providers (Coiera, 2003). These activities can include initial decision support, monitoring of the patients condition, ordering laboratory work, displaying results from laboratory and other tests, prescribing, referrals to radiology and other departments or clinics, and support forShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues in Healthcare716 Words   |  3 PagesEthical Issue Facing Health Care: Electronic Patient Records One of the main ethical issues that faces health care is the security of patient information. This information is protected by laws and regulations such as HIPPA, but there are still concerns Scott, et al, 2005). Among those concerns is the new concept of electronic patient records and information. These records are designed to help hospitals and doctors get patient information more quickly, so that patients can receive treatment as soonRead MoreImportance Of Information Technology And The Healthcare Industry1452 Words   |  6 PagesIMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE. Jude Alumuku, SEIS 605-07 Alum0001@stthomas.edu I. Introduction. II. Background Information A. What is Information Technology B. Information technology and the healthcare industry. C. Facts about Information technology and its application in Healthcare 1.0 Strategic Analysis – Industry. 1.1 Strategic Analysis – Competition III. Healthcare Information Technology Adoption, Quality and Costs IV. Problems With health Information technology V.Read MoreThe Adoption Of Information Technology1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe adoption of information technology in healthcare has dramatically improved patient care and the practice of medicine in its entirety. Health information technology (HIT or Health IT) has created, among other things, free flow, and improved communication amongst all healthcare workers and providers, patients and the community as a whole. HIT has also availed the healthcare sector better and easier access to information. So many people have placed their hopes on health information technology. TheRead MoreThe Electronic Health Record ( Ehr ) Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe electronic health record (EHR) is a developing idea characterized as a longitudinal accumulation of electronic health data about individual patients and family member (Gunter Terry, 2005). Fundamentally, it was a component for incorporating health care information as of now gathered in both paper and electronic therapeutic records (EM R) with the end goal of improving the quality of care. Despite the fact that the classic EHR is a different area, cross-institutional, even national build, theRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Health Care Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract Technology is doing wonders to the health care world. We have advanced tremendously from previous years and researchers are still finding ways to improve the system. Technology in health care is so important because there are many barriers that stop people from receiving the help and care they need due to many reasons like language barriers. With the improvement of technology, we have witnessed how people’s health and wellbeing has improved by using fitness apps and watches thatRead More Most Significant Issues Facing Health Care Organizations Essay examples1345 Words   |  6 Pages Formed in 1998, the Managed Care Executive Group (MCEG) is a national organization of U.S. senior health executives who provide an open exchange of shared resources by discussing issues which are currently faced by health care organizations. In the fall of 2011, 61 organizations, which represented 90 responders, ranked the top ten strategic issues for 2012. Although the issues were ran ked according to their priority, this report discusses the top three issues which I believe to be theRead MoreAdoption Of New Mode Of Documentation1653 Words   |  7 Pagescommunicating clinical information at handover of care has been cited by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a potential for appropriate treatment and preventing potential harm to patients (Ram, Carpenter Williams, 2009). According to Artur Ferreira de Sousa,Teresinha Marcon Dal Sasso, Couto Carvalho Barra (2012), nursing clinical records improve and support patients’ safety while providing information regarding the patient care. They stated that this information (clinical records) must be objectiveRead MoreEssay about Computers in the Medical Field1420 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda). Without computers, consumers would not be able to do half the things as quickly as we can. Advances in computer design have increased its use for different industries, especially in the medical field. Computers help out hospitals and pharmacies very much. Pharmacists use computers to keep a record of medications and the dosage to give to each patient. Most computers in hospitals are used to keep track of patients and their status. Computers also keep track of equipment placement and theirRead MorePatient Centric Systems : Patients1339 Words   |  6 PagesPatient-Centric Systems Patients’ medical information is dispersed among many health provider’s information systems which make it difficult to manage and share health data. Having a patient-centric view in healthcare involves utilizing health information technology (HIT). Effective management and integration of personal health information will help clinicians make well-informed decisions and improve quality outcomes. Summary of Murphy’s Article The United States health care system has previouslyRead MoreThe Impact Of Health Information Technology In Healthcare Act1237 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act passed as a result of President Obama signing into law the American Recovery and Investment Act (ARRA) (Wallace, Zimmer, Possanza, Giannini, Solomon, 2013). Not to be confused with the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Civic impulse, 2004), the ARRA was an economic stimulus package that appropriated nearly seven hundred eighty seven billion dollars to create jobs, restore economic growth, and

Effectiveness Of Training And Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness Of Training And Development. Answer: Human resource management generally refers to the development and management of employees within the organization. The management is responsible for employees training and development, recruitment, training and development, rewarding and performance appraisal (Sung and Choi 2014). HR is more importantly concerned with management of individuals within the organization and focuses on systems and policies. In the competitive environment, the HR mangers or business owners must be active and adopt various strategies to maximize its productivity and efficiency rate. Successful organization provides training and development facilities to their employees for better utilization of skills. A well designed training and development programs helps in communicating the goals and objectives to be achieved by the employees in the organization (Zaitseva et al. 2015). Besides being a core and major function of human resource management, training and development is all an organizations sub-system. Moreover, training and development both provides both the employees and the company all such benefits that makes their time and cost a worthwhile investment. Training and development is the field that is concerned with the organizational activities that aims at improving the individuals performance as well as groups in organizational settings. This leads to the development of human resources so that it remains competitive in the current business environment (Ayeleke et al. 2016). Training provides greater opportunity for all their employees to expand their knowledge base. It focuses on doing all such activities in the present day to develop the employees for their current jobs. While development helps to prepare all the employees for their future responsibilities and roles. In order to make sure that right individual are equipped with the right abilities, skills and knowledge, training and development program is implemented. This makes the employees perform their assigned task more effectively, which further plays a vital role in making the business more successful (Tahir et al. 2014). To fulfill the present and future requirements of the business, training and development process leads to improve the employees strategic roles. Training and development of employees are vital for any organization or company that focuses at progressing. Training and development is highly significant as it helps in addressing all the weaknesses of the employees (Seidle, Fernandez and Perry 2016). It therefore helps in improving the employees performance and provides consistency in the workers performance. Training and development of the employees increases the productivity of the organization due to improved quality of products and services. This also helps in addressing the weaknesses of the employees and reduction of cost spent on supervision. The major objective of the training and development is to increase employees productivity. This facilitates in proper optimization of human resources and helps in developing a better corporate image. Training and development creates a sense of team spirit, team-work and inter-team collaboration within the employees. Moreover, training and development also helps in improving the safety and health of the business firm and thus prevents obsolescence. There are various approaches to training and development, which includes reactive, proactive and active learning approach (Chakraborty and Saha 2017). Reactive approach to training is the traditional approach that involves event orient activity and classrooms trainings. Proactive approach aligns all the learning activities with the business strategy and focuses on developing individuals competencies. On the other hand, in active learning approach trainees plays a major role in employees learning by exploring situational problems and issues under the facilitator guidance. The training learn from the programs by asking thoughts provoking questions, finding answers and evaluating different observations that is made during the process (Tangthong, Trimetsoontorn and Rojniruntikul 2014). This approach also has major impact on the individuals learning as it encourage them to find better solutions in all the challenging situations and facilitates employees long-term retention. In the recent competitive environment, continuous learning is a must for the success of the individuals. It is compulsory for the workers to succeed in both personal as well as professional life (Fletcher, Alfes and Robinson 2016). The organizations need to ensure that employees need to learn continuously to keep up with increased demands of their job. This provides the company to maintain and gain competitive advantage. The managers of the organization should take active part in the performance review of the employees and planning process. In the current scenario, successful and high performing firms are recognizing the need for efficient and best uses of training and development practices that enhances the firms competitive advantage. Investment in training and development has been connected to the businesses bottom line (Raza et al. 2017). Training and development is also a vital element for all the business if the potential and value of its individuals is to be developed and harnessed. It is the duty of HR to set and implement an implement higher roadmap for effective and strategic training and development of the organization. Through effective implementation of training and development the organizational goals and objectives is directly impacted that enhances the organizational performance. It is vital for the business to focus on job trainings and continual learning. Effective training also provides better opportunities for the firm to learn and grow. Moreover, the employee performance is further augmented by competitive advantage. The primary or main reason for providing training within the organization is increased productivity and adherence to high quality standards (Akey et al. 2017). Organization flexibility and stability is increased at a rapid rate. This reduces the amount of direction and supervision in the organization and resources are utilized more economically. Better industrial relation is maintained due to the increased productivity rate and new appraisal techniques. Furthermore rate of employee turnover and absenteeism is drastically reduced due to effective training and development plan. The ongoing training program within the organization helps the employee to feel more confident while delivering the services (Wingreen and Blanton 2017). Even though the technology changes the employees actively respond to the changes that are developed due to organizational restructuring. The employees are provided with an ability to respond to changes that occurs due to manpower diversity. Training and development directly affects the productivity of the employees and improves employees efficiency. Workers stay up to date with the latest technology and use present ones in a better way. Well trained employees showcases both quality and quantity performance. This leads to minimize wastage of money, time and resources when the workers are adequately trained (Zaitseva et al. 2015). Training improves the required skill set for the employees and also empowers them to address tasks independently. In an organization most of the errors generally occur as the employees lacks the precise skills and desired knowledge needed for completing a specified job. The more trained a worker is, less is the chance of an employee doing error for their job. Continuous training and development therefore ensures that workers acquire adequate skill at right time. Training improves the required skill sets of the employees, thereby empowering them to complete the tasks more independently. Training and development within the organization creates a pool of all cross-trained employees so that the gap is bridged when any of the employees unexpectedly leaves the organization (Garavan et al. 2016). The employees can be easily trained on minor additional skills that are related to customer services, sales, operations and administration. Cross-training helps in fostering the team spirit and workers perform their job in a more systematic and co-ordinate way. Many of the organizations overlooks the employees hidden talent but proper training and development of the employees provides a major catalytic platform so that employees can easily share their ideas with the management (Chowdhury 2016). From the past experiences, it has been proved that few employees often yearn for leadership role in the business. The workers immensely feel that they belong to the organization or the company they work for and try to give their best services (Sung and Choi 2014). The individuals do not get an opportunity to enhance their hidden skills as there is no leadership development program within the firm (Donate, Pea and Sanchez de Pablo 2016). When employees are allowed to attend these programs, it helps the firm to recognize the leaders of future within the existing workforce. Training and development helps in making the employees more satisfied with their role in the organization. Training the employees creates major feelings of confidence in the employees mind. It provides them a sense of security and mutual respect within the workplace. This leads to reducing the absenteeism and employee turnover rates. Majority of the employees have certain weakness in their workplace and this hinders them from giving their best outputs. Training assists the employees in eliminating all weaknesses of the employees (Ayeleke et al. 2016). It helps in strengthening the skills of the worker and also developing their inner barriers. A systematic and well-organized program for staffs development helps them in gain in analogous knowledge and skills. This facilitates them in bringing to a more advanced and uniform level. This showcases the reliability of the whole workforce, which proves that the company does not have to rely on any specific employees. A well- organized and systematic plan for employees training and development provides the employees with constant experience and knowledge. Regular training when accessed to employees provides them consistent knowledge of procedures and tasks to facilitate consistent experience. This is highly relevant for the employees so that they are acquainted to the basic company procedures and policies at a regular basis. Training and development programs are provided to ensure that the workers consistency rate is improved and enhanced. It ensures that every employee should have consistent knowledge so that all the tasks are completed on time and without any problems or issues. Safety, administrative and discrimination chores are the most vital tasks that require adequate training (Fletcher, Alfes and Robinson 2016). This approach mostly consists of ethics and administrative procedures during training. Effective training and development plan can be vital factor in addressing all the inequalities related to employees gender, race and disabilities. Therefore, it can be concluded that an organizations adequate training and development program empowers the employees. Employees become more efficient to execute their roles to the highest standards. This further led the organization to deliver best and high quality services to their customers. Training and development of the employees are broadly described as that activity that focuses at raising the employees standards. This further lifts the employees quality, organization experiences and productivity rate. References Akey, B.C.A., Dai, B., Torku, E. and Antwi, E.A., 2017. Human Resource Planning and the Development of Employees in Contemporary Firms.European Journal of Contemporary Research,6(1). Ayeleke, R.O., North, N., Wallis, K.A., Liang, Z. and Dunham, A., 2016. Outcomes and impact of training and development in health management and leadership in relation to competence in role: a mixed-methods systematic review protocol.International journal of health policy and management,5(12), p.715. Chakraborty, T. and Saha, R., 2017. Proactive and Reactive Role of Human Resource Professionals in an Aftershock Management.Training Development Journal,8(1), pp.1-11. Chowdhury, S., 2016. HRM practices and its impact on employee satisfaction: A case of pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh.International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478),2(3), pp.62-67. Donate, M.J., Pea, I. and Sanchez de Pablo, J.D., 2016. HRM practices for human and social capital development: effects on innovation capabilities.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,27(9), pp.928-953. Fletcher, L., Alfes, K. and Robinson, D., 2016. The relationship between perceived training and development and employee retention: the mediating role of work attitudes.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-28. Fletcher, L., Alfes, K. and Robinson, D., 2016. The relationship between perceived training and development and employee retention: the mediating role of work attitudes.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-28. Garavan, T., Watson, S., Carbery, R. and OBrien, F., 2016. The antecedents of leadership development practices in SMEs: The influence of HRM strategy and practice.International Small Business Journal,34(6), pp.870-890. Kadiresan, V., Selamat, M.H., Selladurai, S., SPR, C.R. and Mohamed, R.K.M.H., 2015. Performance appraisal and training and development of human resource management practices (HRM) on organizational commitment and turnover intention.Asian Social Science,11(24), p.162. Raza, S., Kanwal, R., Rafique, M.A., Sarfraz, U. and Zahra, M., 2017. The Relationship between HRM practice, Workplace Communication and Job Performance of service Industries employees In Vehari, Pakistan.International Journal of Information, Business and Management,9(2), p.122. Seidle, B., Fernandez, S. and Perry, J.L., 2016. Do leadership training and development make a difference in the public sector? A panel study.Public Administration Review,76(4), pp.603-613. Srivastava, A.P. and Dhar, R.L., 2015. Training comprehensiveness: construct development and relation with role behaviour.European Journal of Training and Development,39(7), pp.641-662. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2014. Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,35(3), pp.393-412. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2014. Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,35(3), pp.393-412. Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I.K., Jan, S. and Hashim, M., 2014. The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(4), p.86. Tangthong, S., Trimetsoontorn, J. and Rojniruntikul, N., 2014. HRM Practices and Employee Retention in Thailand--A Literature Review.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,5(2), p.162. Tzabbar, D., Tzafrir, S. and Baruch, Y., 2017. A bridge over troubled water: Replication, integration and extension of the relationship between HRM practices and organizational performance using moderating meta-analysis.Human Resource Management Review,27(1), pp.134-148. Wingreen, S.C. and Blanton, J.E., 2017. IT professionals' personorganization fit with IT training and development priorities.Information Systems Journal. Zaitseva, N.A., Larionova, A.A., Minervin, I.G., Yakimenko, R.V. and Balitskaya, I.V., 2015. Foresight technologies usage in working out long term. Forecasts of service and tourism personnel training system development.Journal of Environmental Management Tourism,6(2 (12)), p.410.

Media Role in Everyday Life free essay sample

Analyse the following quote: â€Å" it is because the media are central to our everyday lives that we must study them as social and cultural as well as political and economic dimensions of the modern world. † (Roger Silverstone, Why Study the Media? 1999. ) criteria understand respond to question construct logical argument key terms/concepts used accurately provide relevant examples where required Reading 1. 1 Why Media Studies is Worthwhile: Bazalgette Media studies is controversial because it is still new and because it deals with things that are not only continuing to change but are also the focus of many anxieties. 2000:5 Newspapers, film, radio, television and, increasingly, computer software and communications networks are generally considered to be immensely popular in ways that are not fully understood and about which there is little consensus. They are consequently blamed for all kinds of social ills, political problems and cultural degeneracy. Each of these media has also, in its time, been seen as the harbinger of apocalyptic change – for better as well as for worse. But because the oldest of them – the mass circulation press – has only been in existence for little more than a century, the process of change has been too fast for anyone to arrive at definitive conclusions about what its social, political and cultural effects really are. As much as everyone likes to think they rebel against their parents and teachers, and keep up to date with new ideas and technologies, we are all substantially formed through the frameworks of ideas and thought of earlier generations, and we all find change difficult. Change almost always provokes strong feelings: excitement, anxiety, tension, fear, anger. The media, conspicuous and changing objects in a world that is itself changing, are a particularly public focus for these kinds of emotion and argument. There is therefore much disagreement about how the media should be understood, regulated and consumed. 2000:6 It is essential to recognise that media studies, even as we enter the twenty-first century is still new. †¦. it is a subject still in the process of being formed. Full of disagreements and different claims as to what it is really about. It is also a hybrid subject: that is to say, the ideas and approaches that it draws upon come from many different sources. The mass circulation press, the cinema, radio, television, digital software and the internet each attracted comment, analysis and speculation from the start (2000:7) Everyone who spoke or wrote about these media was themselves already educated within existing academic disciplines and motivated by particular interests 2000:7 Nevertheless, hybrid disciplines do appear a ll the time: semiotics, structuralism, sociolinguistics, and many more. Media studies snaps them all up: there can never be too many different ways of analysing just what is really going on in those fleeting images. Those rapt audiences. Those smoke filled boardrooms of owners. Technology and theory 2000:8 – The media themselves change much faster than any theory. In fact it is often changes in the media – even basic technological changes – that impel changes in the academic construction of the subject. As I write this in the late 1990s we have moved into a period of what are profound changes brought about by digital technologies. Until the 1980s the term media meant what it said (although it was, and still is, widely misused as a singular noun). It refers to numbers of different ways of physically reproducing and carrying meanings. The whole point of a media text is that it moves and flows: the meaning is never there at a given moment, but in juxtaposition and sequence, in the tension between one moment and another. 2000:8 2000:9 Media studies is thus a catch-all title designating a wide variety of courses, and since these are all embroiled both in developing a coherent theoretical base and in keeping up with technological and institutional developments in the media themselves, does it even make sense to lump them all together? 2000:9 In media studies you are asked about the profit motive. In media studies you are asked this. You are asked to look at cinema and television as industries which employ large numbers of people and to understand how they work, how they are financed and why they produce what they do. 2000:10 In media studies you may be asked to think about films, television programmes or other media texts in the same way. But you will certainly also b asked to think about how they address you – or other people – as a member of a group: as British, say, or as a black person, or as a man, or even – but how often? as all three. By asking you to think about texts in this way, and by making you investigate who made, say, a film or programme, and why, and in whose interests, media studies is essentially political. Every investigation of even quite short or trivial texts potentially leads into larger questions about power structures in society and how they are organised. 2000:10 – It is just as political to be asking questions about who owns this newspaper, who financed this film, and why; or perhaps more interestingly, who wouldnt finance that film and why, or how one kind of television programme is more likely to be made than another. The politics of the media affect our lives as much as the politics of Parliament or Congress, and can be more satisfying to investigate since the evidence is all around you every day. 2000:10 At the same time it is the inclusion of this political dimension that media students often find the most satisfying and worthwhile aspect of the subject. You stop taking things at face value. You should beware of media courses which render the subject down to a few handy maxims such as the basic function of all media is to sell audiences to advertisers. To object that this can hardly apply to public service broadcasting or a community video workshop is not to deny that these institutions will also have political roles to play and manipulative techniques to use. But it does reassert the principle that there is more than one way to look at any text. A political dimension to critical analysis should add complexity, not simplification 2000:10 So far, I have identified two basic principles that media studies courses are likely to have in common: using economic and political perspectives as key ways of understanding the media. These are the most characteristic differences between media studies and most other subjects. But no course will concentrate on these areas alone. 2000:11 One of the strengths – and also the challenges – of media studies is precisely that it asks you to consider texts from different and often sharply contrasting perspectives. What do you study in media studies? 2000:11 Just what – if anything – constitutes a valid argument for studying one text, or one group of texts, rather than another? There are five main ways of answering this question? Popularity (2000:12) The emphasis might be on the phenomenon of mass audience pleasure and on understanding and legitimating the enjoyment people derive from these texts or in contrast, the aim of the analysis might be to reveal how audiences are manipulated and deluded by stereotypical or reactionary material Exemplification is an obvious ground for worthiness of study, especially when the aim is to illustrate an aspect of theory, such as genre or representation. Notoriety (2000:12)– is an interesting and useful reason for studying a text that can offer a way in to thinking about social, political and cultural contexts. Texts which are interesting to study in their own right, but whose notoriety reveals much about their conditions of production or consumption, include banned or controversial television documentaries etc Such case studies form the starting point or central exemplar which can illuminate aspects of the media we dont normally think about or see. Turning points and groundbreaking texts could be included in the previous category, but texts can be significant without being notorious, especially in retrospect. Aesthetic value (2000:12-13) s a criterion that many media teachers would deny using as a way of selecting or judging texts. 2000:13 What is it all for? It is also obvious that the media industries themselves are hard to get into and rely increasingly on freelancers, 2000:14: that a knowledge of history, politics, economics, accountancy, law – you name it – would be equally useful as a basis for working, as, say, a journalist or editor It is increasingly likely that, wha tever job you do or whatever your domestic circumstances, there will be more opportunities for you to engage with the media, and not just as a consumer. Indeed, the field of alternative and subversive media production may be the one that grows fastest over the next few years (who knows? How could you tell? ) as access to technology and circulation systems widens Inside or outside the corporate producers, the new voices will come from the people who are already literate in the new media What media studies can really do is open up your understanding of how things work, how people become informed – or misinformed – and how the myths and ideologies that govern all our lives are created and sustained. Reading 1. Media and Communications: Theoretical traditions 2002:23 The field of Australian media and communications theory and research is in a unique position. On one hand, it is highly derivative. this is partly due to general globalisation of ideas today, but also to Australias past as a British colony and in more recent decades, to its dependence on the United States. On the other hand, in Australia we are able to observe and compare the influences and models emanating from the metropolitan centres of the Northern Hemisphere and to selectively combine and modify them in accordance with our own national reality and place in the world -.. dentify the origins of the major paradigms or schools of thought which have arisen in European and American theory and research as they apply to media and communications; to trace the formative influence they have had on particular styles of work in Australia; and to show how they have become transformed in the process of being adapted to our experience here EUROPE VERSUS AMERICA 2002:23 .. European means heavily interpretive and holistic in scope – that is, taking a macro perspective, looking down on society as a whole. Its sociopolitical stance is critical of society as it exists, and most often specifically Marxist. In its methods, it is deductive in that it applies general principles to the analysis of particular cases By contrast, the American approach is strongly empirical and micro in its scope – at its extreme, its form of knowledge relies on the direction observation of distinct phenomena, preferably controlled and measurable occurrences, like in a laboratory experiment. Its sociopolitical stance is said to be liberal or pluralistic – in other words, it is not aligned with any sector of society which has an interest in changing the world, but in that sense, it is really more conservative 002:24: However ideas do not belong to geographical territories and it is important to appreciate that, even if critical theory has traditionally been weak in the United States, Europe in fact has not only produced the characteristic critical and interpretive schools of thought, but also has a strong tradition of positivism, which is much more aligned with American empiricism and functionalis m (Giddens 1974). Positivism is basically the idea that the methods of natural science can and should be applied to understand and control society and culture, which includes the media. Western Marxism and Ideological Critique 2002:24 In order to understand contemporary media studies, it is crucial to understand the significance of the Frankfurt School and its tradition A critique of the rise of the mass media (mainly the new media of cinema and radio in those days) which has defined one important direction for Marxist criticism ever since 2002:25 This is the ideological critique of the media Reading 1. 3 Self and Experience in a Mediated World Reading 1. 4 New Media and Technological Development A Beginners Guide to Textual Analysis