The Holocausts Effects On Wiesel Essays - Satmar,

The Holocaust's Effects On Wiesel The Effects of the Holocaust On Wiesel's Faith In early 1944 the town of Sighet, Transylvania was overran by the Nazi war regime as it rapidly expanded across Europe and parts of Asia. In this town a young religious man named Elie Wiesel was questioning the intent of the German army and the rumors that were circling about them. Although he had heard that the Germans were planning mass genocide of the Jewish race, the common feeling throughout the town was that Hitler could never exterminate every Jew. Early in Wiesel's Night, he recounts his experiences in the Holocaust and he expresses his undying faith and belief that god would never allow Hitler's regime to run its course. When the Nazi army finally reached the town of Signet, the Jews were forced from their homes and relocated into the town's gettos. It was the seventh day of Passover, and according to Wiesel, ?the race towards death had begun.?1 The Jews were slowly removed from the large getto of Sighet and shipped to the smaller, ?holding? getto where they were separated a ccording to sex, age, and physical ability, and prepared for shipment to Auschwitz. The day that Wiesel and his family were to be moved to the smaller getto of Signet, Wiesel demonstrates his faith in God by awaking early to perform his daily prayers. As he prepared to leave his home he said, ?I looked at our house, where I had spent so many years in my search for God; in fasting in order to hasten the coming of the Messiah; in imagining what my life would be like. Yet I felt little sorrow.?2 This passage is symbolic of his first parting with his faith in God. Yet he still believed in God, he was beginning to understand that a God should not let mass extermination happen to his people. While he was sub-consciencly loosing his faith in God, he still felt that there was strength in humanity and that human morals would never allow the burning of Jews. Upon Wiesel's arrival at Auschwitz he caught his first glimpse of the crematories he exclaimed to his father, ?I [do] not believe that t hey can burn people in our age?humanity would never tolerate it.?3 Yet after his father convinced him of the horrible truth his faith in god could never be restored. Wiesel's father, after fully realizing the full horror of the concentration camps, said a small prayer to God, and to this Elie reacted with utter defiance. ?For the first time, I felt revolt rise up in me. Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for4 Although Wiesel still believed in the presence of God, he felt that in God's silence he was defying the Jews and their faith in him. How could someone you are so devoted to be absent in your greatest time of need? Wiesel said that he sympathized with Job, and I feel that the similarities between Wiesel and Job are numerous. Both were very religious men who put their faith before all other, and yet both found that their faith brought them nothing but suffering. Both felt that they deserved a more peaceful and humane existence because of their undying devotion, yet both lived in the cruelest situations for some time. Wiesel felt that man was stronge r that god because throughout the Holocaust his fellow prisoners continued to praise God and believed that God allowed the Holocaust in order to benefit the Jews in some strange way. Wiesel felt that because of all the torture that the Jews were subjected to their continued praise proved that they were ignorant to the fact that God was not a source of supreme justice. Wiesel continued to despise God for the remainder of the Holocaust, yet from this new independence he found power. ?I felt very strong. I was the accuser, God the accused?I was terribly alone in a world without god and without man.?5 Religion Essays

Coping with Conflict in an Intercultural Interethnic Situation essays

Coping with Conflict in an Intercultural Interethnic Situation essays Contemporary society requires that communication occur between individuals of different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Thus inter- cultural communication has become an important area of investigation among linguists and business managers alike. Operating in a global society, individuals must communicate on the basis of business, immigration, political and even recreational premises. Research suggests that international communication is more however, than simply learning the language of another country. There are hundreds of verbal and non verbal cues that are utilized from a cultural perspective depending upon the environment in which one is communicating. To avoid conflict and to adequately facilitate effective international communications, business representatives must first acknowledge and take an active interest in learning the cultural distinctions that exist from one country to another. To do this, individuals must first recognize communication patterns within their own culture. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of cultural and customs on communications between people from a global Gullestrup (2003) examined critical elements occurring within an intercultural situation. He created a model based upon the idea that individuals when communicating are often affected by more than one culture at a time. Gullestrup proposes that to understand basic concepts regarding intercultural communication, one must first understand basic units of culture, particularly one's own culture. He defines culture as a "philosophy of life, values, norms and rules" as well as actual behavior from which separate individuals have the ability to communicate as one (Gullestrup, 2003:1). If international business people do not first understand the nuances of their own culture and its impact on communications style, they will not have the ability to successfully ...

Art Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art Project - Assignment Example The is still far from being settled despite the president’s new approach to enhance national production, exports and job creation for the millions of the unemployed youth. Regardless, the green color appearing on the letter symbolizes a number of positive steps which the Obama government has taken to address some of the most important economic issues such as his signing of a tax relief program in the last quarter of 2010, expanding welfare benefits, staying previous tax cuts, and capping the estate tax on figures under $10 million (Dunne, 2013). In addition, even though Obama’s signing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009 was positive in helping to secure more financial support for infrastructure development and job creation across the country, the thin red outline of letter â€Å"E† symbolizes the pitfalls that came with the seemingly positive policy. The stimulus package and the universal health care program have conspired to paint the president as a heavy spender on social development issues than the economy can sustain. The end result has been poor performance on budget deficits â€Å"BD† and with a careful integration of red and green colors coming up every time the economy is mentioned, reducing federal budget shortfalls so as to support poor citizens; education programs and the expansion of infrastructure have blurred the president’s image (Morris, 2012). Health Care is represented by â€Å"HC.† It appears very close to the economy in terms of the president’s priorities. Since 2009, the primary health care policy of President Obama is the enactment of the universal health care scheme funded by the national government. Similarly, the use of the green color symbolizes the wide reprieve that previously uninsured Americans have so far achieved under the new system. The Affordable Care Act intends to improve the health of the American citizens by enhancing the rate of enrolment in health care programs through various government subsidies

To construct a small commercial database and demonstrate its Essay

To construct a small commercial database and demonstrate its functionality - Essay Example To get the selected items delivered, the user has to register with the site and set up a payment and delivery plan. The order details are mailed to the user’s registered email. Delivery (ID, IssueDate, IssueTime, Type, DeliveryDate, mobileNumber,RecipientFirstName, RecipientLastName, RecipientAddressLine1, RecipientAddressLine2, RecipientCity, RecipientPostCode, RecipientPhone) The attributes completely represent all required aspects of the delivery. If the customer wishes to have the products delivered at residence, the option can be selected or the customer can get the order shipped to a particular shop. Brand Name is to be considered as an attribute of a separate entity brand. This is to ensure, a particular brand name is always referred to with the same spelling and name description. In case the name of the brand changes, only one change will have to be made. The item selected is usually not timestamped. The item stays in the cart only till the user’s login session. In case, a user logs out without checking out, the selected item is sent back to the available product

Cultural Differences and Employee Selection Assignment

Cultural Differences and Employee Selection - Assignment Example Sometimes it is so urgent that a position be filled, that a person may win the job by default, or sloppy selection criteria may be applied. A quick fix may ease workload for a while, but it might prove lethal for the business viability itself in the long run. Therefore, a larger attention in the selection process can provide the business with employees who will finally produce the desired results. Processing an applicant for a job normally entails a series of steps, which are determined by the size of the organization, the types of jobs to be filled or the number of people to be hired. The selection stage should be backed up by an effective recruitment process, which greatly depends on job analysis and job description. Job analysis is a process to identify and determine in detail the particular job duties and requirements and the relative importance of these duties for a given job. Common American work styles are used everywhere. Work and the ways to succeed vary tremendously from culture to culture. Mainstream Americans value speed but some Native Americans value thoughtful analysis so much that they hold back the answer so as not to appear rash. Manual work is looked down upon in India; so many office jobs are created to satisfy the need for status. Japanese workers cooperate within their han (work unit), but the hans compete with each other. Different selection procedures are needed for the different work styles. Cultural patterns significantly influence both individual behaviour and the organizational environment. Culture can be defined as the value systems or modes of behaviour to which people in a given geographical area subscribe. Thus, by definition, country boundaries would offer the clearest example of cultural differentiation. The individual behavioural patterns and the organizational environment found in Japan are quite different than in the United States. The Japanese system, which is an outgrowth of feudalism that characterized Japan in the early 1900s, supports the welfare concept and yields a paternalistic type of management that has proved to be successful among Japanese firms. The depression of the early 1930s in the United States reduced employee perceptions of identity of interests between non-managers and managers, and made paternalistic management practices suspect. Additionally the competitive education system and the values traditionally taught American children by their parents for achievement and recognition have made it difficult for paternalistic patterns of management to work well in the United States. This fact is particularly true in professional work environments because the employees who staff these types of organizations are an outgrowth of systems where competitiveness, recognition, and individuality have been commonplace. Sub-cultural differences within any given set of country boundaries

The Role And Function Of The Declaratory And Constitutive Theories International Law Essay

The Role And Function Of The Declaratory And Constitutive Theories International Law Essay State recognition is one of the most contested topics in the international law. This problem appears to come back on the international agenda and reopens the great debate with the recent unilateral declaration of independence pronounced by Kosovo in 2008. Further attention was gained in August 2008, when Russia and Nicaragua recognized the statehood of breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The issue of recognition is of immense importance as it usually confirms the states legal existence as well as allows the new entity full political interaction with existing entities. Legal personality indicates that the new entity is capable of possessing international rights and duties, and has the capacity to maintain its rights by bringing international claims.  [1]  Additionally, it acknowledges that a recognized state must obey standards and regulation posted by international law, which in turns secures stable and peaceful international order. State recognition is a subject of a disagreement between two schools; the one in favour of constitutive theory and the one in support of the declaratory theory of statehood.The latter does not require the recognition of other states as long as it has achieved the known required standards to be a person of international law. In contrast, the constitutive theory does require the recognition of a state as sovereign by other states to be a person of international law.  [2]  This essay will explain the role and function of the two theories and their applications in the international community, and attempt to access which one is more functional. Finally it will clarify the difference between the recognition of the state and the recognition of the government. It is commonly understood, the state arises as a legal and political entity when it achieves certain requirements. Criteria for statehood are defined in 1993 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of State (MC).An entity must posses: a permanent population; a defined territory; a government; and a capacity to enter into relation with other countries  [3]  . Conflict already appears with the effective government requirement. For example Shaw claims that this is not a precondition for recognition as an independent state  [4]  In opposition, Dixon argues that condition of effective government must be first satisfied, before an entity can claim to be a state.  [5]  on the subject of the last condition, Crawford for instance, sees capacity to enter into relations with other states as an attribute of an entity which has already reached statehood.  [6]  In addition to the MC, there is also a very great argument that that self-determination should be given more importance than state recognition; according to Raic : Whether a new State is created as a result of devolution, integration, dissolution, or secession, it is submitted that, in principle, in all of these cases, self-determination forms the legitimizing princi ple for the creation of the new State.  [7]   Overall, the presented legal condition for statehood, alongside with political action and certain facts are the basis for the state recognition in the declaratory understanding. It can be deducted that the declaratory theory, is little more in accord with practical realities  [8]  , as is based on natural law with an objective system of law.  [9]  Additionally, the declaratory theory operates on notion of the sovereignty of the state and the associated weakness or non-existence of any central guiding in the international system.  [10]   Declaratory theory maintains that a new entity will obtain capacity in international law not by asset of the permission of other states but by acceptance of the realistic 10092954 situation, which was result of their own effort and political actions. Moreover new state will not have to wait for the procedure of recognition by others.  [11]  Lall and Khemchand argue that appearance of new state and becoming a new subject of international law are instantaneous processes. Becoming aware of that there is no reason for claiming that states become subjects of law only after they have been recognised.  [12]  Similar reasoning is presented in Article 3 of the MC: statehood is free of recognition by the existent states, and an entity can exist even if others dont recognize it.  [13]  In addition, Brownlie claims that, if an entity bears the marks of statehood, other states put themselves at risk legally, if they ignore the basics obligations of state relations  [14]   The Charter of the Organization of American States, speaking about the fundamental rights and duties of state also declares the state is independent of recognition by other states. Pointing out that even before the recognition, state has the right to protect its integrity and independence.  [15]   Undoubtedly, if state meets the conditions for statehood but is not internationally recognized, it has much more difficult position for operating in international system. Nevertheless, it would not seem in law to amount to a decisive argument against statehood itself  [16]   Another strong argument in favor of the declaratory theory is the fact that even though any state does not recognize a new entity, it cannot deny this country legal obligations and duties obligates by international law. Furthermore, it itself is obliged to pursue the rules of law when dealing with such a state. This is clear in relation to Israel- Arab 10092954 relations. Moreover, the recognition from the declaratory point can avoid laps in time, when state is suspended in the legal, political space, and shun illogicality of considering an entity as a state and non-state at the same time. Even though the concept of obtaining the fully legal statehood through achievement of certain conditions seems very simple and logical, it is not as straight forward from situation where all circumstances are not satisfied. Firstly, if the state is perceived as a state hence fulfilment of statehood requirements, declaratory theory must clearly define in legal terms what state is.  [17]  particularly now, when the era of colonies is over, as well peaceful disintegration of massive powers , the existence of the new state is the result of violent breakouts, wars. Fulfilment of basic criteria to become a person of international law is just simple and many other elements need to be considered; elements that are not clearly and fully defined. Secondly, a question arises if the statehood could be obtained when an emerging entity does not posse one of the conditions for statehood, for example territory? This was case of Greece, and Netherlands during II World War. Another instance is lack of effective government, as in the case of the Annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany in 1939.The situation can be further complicated when there are two governments: operating externally and acknowledged by international community and government within the state. The declaratory theory does not provide answers for those situations. Evidently then, state recognition is very important but is it enough to grant an emerging state a legal personality ? In 1912 Oppenheim famously concluded that: International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not 10092954 recognized, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International Law.  [18]   The constitutive theory maintains that it is the act of recognition that creates a new state and awards it with legal personality, not the process by which it actually gained independence. Lauterpacht claims that once the conditions prescribed by international law for statehood have been complied with, there is a duty on the part of existing states to grant recognition .  [19]  However, it must be emphasized that existing states have a full independence and discretion to either accept or reject a new state. This does not have to be supported with incident to conclude that is a very dangerous political tool. For example, the United States did not recognized the Peoples Republic of China and North Korea because they did not want to have any relations with those states. A further disadvantage of this approach, and possibly the most problematic, is the fact that unrecognized states are sustained in legal limbo. From the constitutive reasoning it follows that an unrecognized state does not posses any rights or obligations. This puts other states in danger as states outside the legal regime can act as they wish, without any legal consequences or jeopardy of being punished. Moreover, an interesting question arises what happens when an entity is recognized by one states but its legal position is denied by others. This creates confusion; moreover put forward a question of partial personality?  [20]   Nevertheless, the constitutive theory has some valuable points. For example, in cases when the state becomes exist as a result of unlawful actions such as violence, occupation or more likely the government through unconstitutional procedures, non recognition of such a state significantly questions the legal position of such an entity 10092954 and it is immensely harden to maintain a political existence.  [21]  Moreover, recognition of a new state by international community can increase the chances and, to some extent, cover defects in satisfying the criteria for statehood. Perhaps the safest and exact position when it comes to the constitutive theory has been expressed by Shaw who stated that recognition is constitutive in a political sense, for it marks the new entity out as a state within the international community and is evidence of acceptance of its new political status by the society of nations . This does not imply that the act of recognition is legally constitutive, because rights and duties do not arise as a result of the recognition.  [22]   Moving to the application of those two theories, it is believed that states and international community tend to apply declaratory position. German-Polish Mixed Arbitral Tribunal stated: the recognition of a State is not constitutive but merely declaratory. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The state exists by itself and the recognition is nothing else than a declaration of this existence, recognized by the State from which it emanates  [23]  The International Court of Justice in the Genocide Convention case clarify that the failure to maintain effective control over territory does not extinguish the legal entity in the eyes of the United Nations.  [24]  Legal requirements for statehood and the declaratory position where further confirmed by Commission of Jurists on The Aaland Islands, appreciate the importance of the recognition of Finland by other states, but called for conditions required for the formation of a sovereign state  [25]   10092954 The case of Israel is disputed, but clearly, even if the Arab countries are rejecting to recognize it, Israel has legal personality and is bound by international law to follow and respect international system. Considering Israel through constitutive theory it would mean that Israel would not be protected and would not have the legal right to defend its territory. even though that the Arab community do not recognize Israel, still have to acknowledge Israel and their legal duties that flow from international treaties that all parties have signed.  [26]   Despite the fact that Constitutive theory has not been formalized in any treaty, it has some applications in the international cases. . The Permanent Court of International Justice, used the premises of the constitutive theory in the Lighthouses case where effectiveness was disregarded for the fiction of continued sovereignty of the Turkish Sultan .  [27]  A second instance was the Morocco case regarding the continued sovereignty of Morocco although under the French Protectorate.  [28]  . Recognition without completion of statehood requirements of territory, population and effective government are present in some cases of former Yugoslavia. Bosnia was unanimously acknowledged by the General Assembly to the UN on 22 May 1992  [29]  , despite that Bosnia was losing some of the basics of statehood conditions. . 10092954 The different between the recognition of state and the recognition of government: Governments recognition is an acceptance by the recognizing state that the system in question is the effective authority and such demonstrate the will to cooperate.  [30]  Government and state are two inseparable factors; recognition of a state automatically grants recognition to the government.  [31]  It is generally accepted that the legal personality of a state does not affect the change of the government within the state.  [32]   Recognition of a government can be de jure (legally recognised), or de facto (regardless of whether or not it has been legally recognised). Israel was recognized by the United States and the United Kingdom by the device of having its government recognized de facto.  [33]   There are many efforts can arise in time of war or revolution. Crawford argues that belligerent occupation does not affect the continuity of the State, even where there exists no government claiming to represent the occupied State  [34]  . Clearly then, recognition neither changes nor determines the legal personality of entity under the international law. This was confirmed in Tinoco case: non-recognition for any reasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cannot outweigh the evidence disclosedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as to the de facto character of Tinocos government, according to the standard set by international law  [35]  . When diplomatic relations with unrecognized government are suspended legal bindingness are still applicable. . 10092954 In conclusion, it is important to acknowledge the valuable elements and weaknesses of both theories. In addition, both have found application in the international political and legal scenario. The declaratory theory focuses on the international factual situation while the constitutive concentrates on the external legal rights and duties. As Worster said : Recognition alone does not create the internal factual situation of statehood, but may help to inspire such coalescence.  [36]  . Obviously neither theory is perfect. Because of that the international community leans to adopt the middle position and resolve the happening problems on individual bases by applying the most related element from both theories. It is Clearly that they are not mutually exclusive and on many circumstances confirmed that if they applied together ,it would allow an averting of complex legal questions regarding a new state and they are avoid political disorder. 10092954

Human Cloning: Science or Madness? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive T

Human Cloning: Science or Madness?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite evidence that nearly all cloned animals are plagued by significant genetic abnormalities, two scientist groups have announced their plans to impregnate women with cloned embryos, each proposing to create the world's first cloned human being.    Clones are created by injecting genetic material from a single cell of one person is into an egg cell that has had its genes removed. The cell is then stimulated to act like a fertilized egg and divide, becoming an embryo. Once the embryo reaches an appropriate stage it is then implanted into a woman's womb, and the resulting baby would be like an identical twin to the donor.    Since the cloning of the sheep named Dolly in 1997, scientists have been working hard to create cloned human embryos for research and reproduction. During a hearing on human cloning, Panayiotis Zavos, a Kentucky based reproductive expert, told scientists, "The research must go on." Zavos is working with Italian fertility specialist Severino Antinori, who gained headline news in 1994 when he enabled a 62-year old woman to have a baby. Along with the Zavos and Antinori team are the scientists with Clonaid, an extraterrestrial Raelian movement based in Canada who claims cloning our bodies is the next step towards everlasting life.       Dr. Bridgette Boisselier is a Raelian Bishop and director of the human cloning project at Clonaid. The Raelian movement claims humanity was created by "space scientists," and "once we can clone exact replicas of ourselves, the next step will be to transfer our memory and personality into our newly cloned brains, which will allow us to truly live forever. Since we will be able to remember all our past, we wil... ...t proponents of human cloning claim this technology will help couples with infertility problems. Bragdon v. Abbot, 118 S.Ct. 2196 (1998), is cited as evidence that infertility is a disability and reproduction is a major life activity that is a fundamental human right. Human cloning advocates argue the development of a technology that can give an infertile and childless couple the right to reproduce, have a healthy biological child of their own, completing their biological "life cycle," is a constitutional right that should not be outlawed.    Works Cited: National Institutes of Health, NIH Update on Existing Human Embryonic Stem Cells, August 2001 The Associated Press, Votes Kill Efforts to Use Embryos for Research, August 2001 The White House: Office of the the Press Secretary, White House Fact Sheet Embryonic Stem Cell Research, August 2001   

American Federation Labor

The Industrial Revolution marked a period of extensive growth in the American economy. One of the most prominent impacts of this era was the birth of organized labor and unions. For my post-Reconstruction research paper, I have chosen to explore the dawn of one of these prominent organizations that remain a lasting influence in some sectors of the American economy today. New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore were the first â€Å"mercantile† cities in the United States in the mid-17th century (Weil, 1998, p. 1335).From these cities sprouted the industrial roots of the country. Though American industrialization was really just an offshoot of the industrial revolution in Europe, it is interesting to note the rise of the industrial sector and the struggles of the working class in a country that in a hundred years would become a world superpower. The industrialization and mechanization which took place in United States between 1845 and 1900 gave rise to big businesses and m onopolies.From cotton and textile mills, shipyards and enterprises scattered all over the former British colonies, industries boomed and ascended the market-driven production system to a more competitive level. Through stiffening competitions between local and even foreign manufacturers, these marginal industries turned into industries that would eventually create other industries (Brinkley, 1995, p. 332). Essentially, industrial development brought jobs for immigrants and natives alike but because of a capitalist framework, profits gained were transformed into new industries, expanding the horizons of market productivity.These also resulted in the concentration of industrial capital and power into few hands. However, capitalism’s inherent feature, that to accumulate profit, several policies were taken to ensure such gain and it was only labor, in the context of political economy, that is flexible enough compared with fixed variables (raw materials, machine, rent). Manufactur ers and entrepreneurs reduced labor wages increased their working hours and appointed and dismissed laborers at will.Child laborers were employed, miserable working conditions were imposed, and wages and benefits were almost disregarded (Kersten, 2006, p. 42). This inevitably forced the laborers to join hands and act collectively. Workers’ campaigns for better working condition surged and deliberately altered the power hold of the ruling class of capitalists such as the Ten Hour movement – calling for ten hours of work a day , free distribution of lands to mitigate labor disputes, reform organizations asking for varying pleas like abolishing child labor, higher wages, and right to organize.Thus the inevitability of collision with state apparatuses obliged to maintain a social order (Greene, 1956, p. 48) All through the course of the American workingmen’s effort to impinge on humane working conditions, there were various attempts, peaceful and violent, to free th emselves from the shackles of unfair labor practices (Graebner, 1988, p. 276). From 1833 to 1834, the first attempts to set up laborers’ national solidarity movements and organizations were witnessed.In 1833, a political party, Workingmen’s Ticket, was formed to sponsor labor thought; and a national labor federation in New York City named the National Trades Union in 1834; a foremost national union of a particular employment, the National Cooperative Association of Cordwainers, in New York appeared simultaneously when a mechanics, farmers and workers’ convention wrote a Declaration of Rights and organized the Equal Rights Party in Utica in 1936 (Green, 1995, p. 523).However it would take another fifty years for the workers’ movement to finally assemble of a broad national union of toilers. The strike strategy of Knights of Labor, formed in 1869 by nine tailors in Philadelphia, turned violent (Missouri Pacific strike and the Haymarket Square Riot) and ulti mately the collapse of the KOL but it paved the way for a more organized effort for collective action. The KOL fought for eight-hour working day, ending child labor, equal pay for equal work, public land policy, and graduated income tax and to help tame the intemperance of capitalism.This resulted in the formation of a new organization-the American Federation of Labor (AFL) which was in favor of old federative plan and was opposed to the idea of one big union that in December 8, 1886, gathered in Druids’ Hall in Columbus, Ohio: They represented young unions like the Tailors, Bakers, Iron Molders, Bricklayers, and Printers. At the movement’s head stood three unions: the Cigar Makers†¦, Federation of Miners and Mine Laborers†¦, and the Carpenters.Most delegates had roots both in socialist organizations and in the Knights of Labor. Now, however, they wanted an organization that would place trade unions at the movement’s center, displacing politics and soc ial reform and guaranteeing autonomy to the various trades (Greene, 1956, p. 19). Originally, the Union was set up under the name of â€Å"Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of United States and Canada† by a New York cigar maker Samuel Gompers.Though FOTLU achieved victorious struggles proscribing cigar making in residential areas, won passages of legislation outlawing cigar-making in tenement houses, ruling out child labor under twelve years of age, and enforced education and banning prison labor, the union, nevertheless, failed to maintain a sufficient membership and support from various unions mainly because of many organizational setbacks that it lost the initiative of leading the working class. Thus, forming a new alliance of workers and tradesmen was a necessary move (Greene, 1956, p. 95). AFL was not composed of workers.Instead it was a federation of the national crafts unions. The federation harbored â€Å"business unionism† that unions have parts in the issues on business profits and economic growth of the nation (Taft, 1959, p. 84). It was beginning to gain the fruits of workers’ struggles and much like what various movements and reform organization have fought for years before were substantially achieved. But there were, again, some issues that the AFL miscalculated. First, Gompers and some of the founders of the AFL had socialist background but the new federation consequently became conservative.Distancing itself from the political issues of the labor movement, AFL settled only on the economic aspirations of the working class and has, consciously or not, deferred from the social concerns of the time. It was unable to tackle the racial issues and the state opposition to trade unions in the South which at that time were still decisive issues among the great number of African American and women, and that the issues inside the factories are not separate to the issues of civil rights. Needless to say that the political rift between and among the states were crucial for the activities of the existing unions (Fantasia and Voss, 2004, 172).Second, AFL was poorly equipped and financed to combat with large and technologically advanced industries, corporations and businesses. The past strategies bent on strikes and factory walkout were still employed, however, industrial firm became sterner, much rigid in dealing with restless workers that these capitalists had more resources to take unionists on their knees. The federation’s strategy mostly relies on lobbying and at some point enveloped in some tactical alliances with parties and politicians lenient to the labor movement like William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic presidential candidate in 1908 (Green, 1995, p.581). But it survived and serviced through collective action and the charismatic leaderships of its leaders. Various presidents of the AFL were in a battle constantly waged through the actions and participation of member unions and organiz ations. John McBride (1894-1895), William Green (1924-1952), George Meany (1952-1955), and Samuel Gompers who had served with the longest term as president from 1886-1894 and 1895-1924 guided the AFL in the course of its nascence, wartime and in peace.The federation’s lifeblood is very much in connection with the fibers of the nation’s economy that at critical times it has to go into agreements with the federal government that has recognized its relevant role and control in the leadership of United States’ working class. During World War I, AFL augmented its strength due to Wilson’s administration approval of unionization in return for their support in the war. It was Gompers who wanted to take into a very serious consideration the state of war readiness.Despite such positive acclaims, at the turn of the war public opinion was swayed by the business sector that trade unions would eventually incline towards socialism and oppose U. S. wartime interests (Zie ger and Gall, 1986, p. 299). The American Federation of Labor achieved various triumphs in the early twentieth-century and its memberships arose in the 1890s with the collapse of the Knights of Labor and from that point it has gained unprecedented primacy in the labor movement since its formation and the success of the AFL can be attributed to its founding leaders and the great leaders after them.Workers’ interest were inconceivably put forward with dedication that the prestige that the AFL earned will forever be embedded on the pages of the history of the American labor movement. Its triumphs and struggles were, surely, owed to the sacrifices of the workingmen. References Brinkley, A. (1995). American History: A Survey. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. Fantasia, R. , Voss, K. (2004). Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement. California: University of California Press. Graebner, W. (1988). The American Record: Images of the Nation's Past. Vol. I: to 1877. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Green, J. W. (1995). From Forge to Fast Food: A History of Child Labor in New York State. Troy, New York: Council for Citizenship Education. Greene, J. (1956). Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881-1917. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Taft, P. (1959). The A. F. of L. : From the Death of Gompers to the Merger. New York: Harper & Brothers. Zieger, R. H. , Gall, G. J. (1986). American workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century (The American Moment). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Jean Paul Sartre essays

Jean Paul Sartre essays From the early to late 20th century a philosopher by the name of Jean-Paul Sartre became a major spokes person for existentialism, catching the largest audience in all the history of philosophy. Sartre developed a sort of chain of philosophy with and responsibilities for humanity to live by. He expressed that every individuals first responsibility to, not only their self, but to humanity as well, was to realize they exist and define themselves as who they are and how they will be. From there he believed that everyone is free to make choices, and everyone is responsible for realizing that every choice made not only affects their future but humanities as well. Once those choices are made, he felt it is every individual's responsibility to get what they want, and not sit and wait for it to happen. He felt that humanity relied too much on God in all these aspects of life, and he felt God was too unreliable. People needed to be shown that every individual is responsible for every aspect of theirs and humanities future. People can only rely on themselves. People must realize that they exist without the help of God and learn to define themselves as human before anything else. This is the first step on Sartre's chain of philosophy. Everything that has been created has been developed from an idea or concept before it actually existed. Take for example a knife, the artisan who creates one has a concept of its appearance and usage before be begins to develop it. In this case the knifes essence came before its existence. But in the case of humans Sartre felt this was not so. His atheistic existentialist approach was that if God does not exist there is at least one being whose existence comes before its essence, a being which exists before it can be defined by any concept of it. That he believed was humans. Therefore humans must first of all exist, encounter themselves, and then define themselves or develop their concept of self afterwards. ...

Corruption and Integrity

Corruption and Integrity Introduction Corruption, in its broadest context, refers to prejudice of integrity or moral principles which define what is acceptable in a given society. Corruption is always associated with lack of integrity (Ferrel,  Fraedrich, Ferrel, 2008). In the political context, corruption can be viewed as abuse of office for personal interests.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Corruption and Integrity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, it entails the abuse of power. Corruption is greatly determined by factors such as levels of personal integrity and the moral perceptions of a given society or country. Both corporate and personal integrity plays an important role in determining the global economy in the present world (Wilson, 2009). Corruption is a major issue that most of countries are facing including both national and multinational companies. This essay attempts to draw a comparison between the mos t corrupt and least corrupt countries in the world. In addition, the essay will also analyze the trends of corruption among the selected countries which are most and least corrupt. The essay will also investigate the significance of culture in determining the business ethics of the selected countries. The paper will also provide an overview of the ethical problems within countries which are least corrupt and the actions that favor the most ethical nations. Finally the paper will report on the ways that can be applied in attempt to reduce corruption levels. Corruption is usually measured using the Corruption perception Index, which is usually rated out of 10, with the rates of corruption decreases as one inclines the CPI scale. The international organization in charge of helping countries combat corruption is the Transparency international. The Transparency International ratings reveal that the two top least corrupt countries are Denmark and New Zealand, each having a corruption Perc eption Index of 9.3.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most corrupt countries according to recent surveys indicate that Somalia and Afghanistan each having a Corruption Perception Index of 1.1 and 1.4 respectively (Transparency International, 2009). The Transparency International uses parameters such as drawbacks that are evident in the public procurement, the levels of bribery that are observed in public offices, misuse of public funds and the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts that a country deploys (Transparency International, 2009). Comparison between the most corrupt and the least corrupt countries One of the approaches in comparing the most and least corrupt is evaluating the economic positions of the countries. Corruption typically affects the financial positions of a country, since most corruption cases are related to the misuse of funds. It is evid ent that the most corrupt countries perform poorly in terms of economics. An analysis of the most and least corrupt countries revealed that most corrupt countries have a less Gross Domestic Product in terms of per capita compared to the least corrupt; with Somalia having a per capita of approximately $ 600, Afghanistan having a per capita of about $ 1000. The least corrupt countries, in this case are New Zealand having a per capita of 31,067 and Den Mark having a per capita of $ 56,790 (Wilson, 2009). This implies that the least corrupt countries are performing well economically compared to the most corrupt countries. In addition, differences between the most and least corrupt countries can be viewed from the perspective of economic stability. It is evident that countries which are least corrupt are politically stable compared to countries which are most corrupt. It is arguably evident that Denmark and New Zealand are politically stable compared to Afghanistan and Somalia (Transpare ncy International, 2009). This can be attributed to the fact that corruption occurs mostly in government agencies, which in turn plays an imperative role in determining the political stability of a nation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Corruption and Integrity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abuse of public office for personal interest impairs effective political decisions due to the violation of ethical principles. Somalia and Afghanistan are constantly being engaged in internal wars and regional conflicts, contrary to the stability demonstrated by Denmark and Switzerland. Another significant difference between the most and least corrupt countries is in terms of the effectiveness of the execution of government processes and operations. Many of the governments in most corrupt countries are ineffective in the carrying out of government processes and operations (Ferrel et al, 2008). This is hindered due to the fact that most of the public funds are embezzled and also due to the fact that people in public offices tend to serve their personal interests at the expense of the country’s interests. People in public offices usually do not up uphold the moral principles of governance. Contrary to the least corrupt countries, government processes are usually streamlined due to the fact that people in government offices and the private sectors which serve the public uphold integrity and keep national interest rather than personal interests. This implies that governance in the least corrupt countries is more effective compared to the most corrupt countries. Most of the governance systems in the most corrupt countries are ineffective, and in most cases, there is no stable government but a transitional government which has ineffective service delivery systems. Differences between the most and least corrupt countries can be viewed from a social perspective. The social setting of most corrup t countries can viewed to be poor, due to the fact there are increased poverty levels, high crime rates and unemployment rates and lack of proper internal relationships. This is contrary to the least corrupt countries. Additionally, a differentiation factor between the most and least corrupt countries is in terms of literacy rates; the fraction of the population that are eligible to read and write according to a specified age. Less corrupt countries have high literacy rates of approximately 99 per cent (Transparency International, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, most corrupt countries have less literacy rates with Somalia being reported to have al literacy rate of about 3.9 percent. Studies have revealed that human capital is determined by the average years of education that a country has, and it varies inversely with the levels of corruption. This implies that countries which support education have little levels of corruption compared to countries that have little commitment to education (Wilson, 2009). A significant differentiation factor between the most and least corrupt countries is in terms of Failed State Index, which provides country ratings in terms of peace and stability, economic, governance and social indicators. Countries which have a high Failed State Index have high levels of instability. Failed State index varies positively with corruption levels. This implies that most corrupt countries have high Failed State index compared to least corrupt countries. Cultural differentiation is also significant in the eval uation of differences between the most and least corrupt countries. Cultural differences are primarily divided into two basic categories; rule based and relationship based cultures. Most corrupt countries report to have relationship based cultures while least corrupt countries are reported to have rule based cultures. Examples of countries that have the rule based cultures are the New Zealand and Denmark, which are remarkably, the least corrupt countries in the world. Countries, such as Burma and Somalia, have a relationship based culture which due to the fact that it is tribalism oriented and reveals high levels of individualism rather than collective strategies. Significance of culture in determining business ethics As depicted above, culture plays a significant role in differentiation between the most and least corrupt countries. On a similar account, culture plays an important role in determining the business ethics of a given country. In the context of Somalia and Afghanistan, their cultures are relationship based, which implies that business decisions are made on the basis of personal trusts rather than the rules of the system (Wilson, 2009). This in turn has significant effects on the business ethics. Cultures that are rule based adhere to the standards of the system during the execution of business operations and decision making processes. It can be inferred that various ethical norms are derived from the various perceptions of the human culture; which are classified as noted above. In general, rule based cultures favor the existence of business ethics contrary to the relationship based culture (Wilson, 2009). Upholding integrity by a country does not come easy; a nation has to deploy appropriate culture so as to favor the existence of ethical business ethics. This means that a country has to adopt a rule based culture which ensures that different key players adhere to the requirements of the system during the execution of ethical business decisions. C urrent initiatives taken by the US to curb corruption The US has a number of initiatives which are directed towards keeping corruption in check. One of the anticorruption strategies employed by the US is that the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 has been significantly enforced in the recent times (Transnational Law Associates, 2006). This Act restricts companies in the US from offering payments to foreign governments for the sole purpose of attempting to conduct business abroad. Secondly, the United States approved the UN Convention Against Corruption; which is a global anticorruption treaty deployed by the UN. Thirdly, the US passed the Sarbarnes-Oxley Act; which serves to control organizations and provide accountability standards which can be used to keep in check legal and ethical risks (Fletcher Plette, 2008). Conclusion Corruption, both at the international and domestic level is a significant threat to the security of any nation. Casual factors that differentiate the most and least countries can be generally classified into: Gross Domestic Product per capita of a country, political stability, differentiation in terms of culture and the rates of literacy. In order for a nation to establish effective anticorruption initiatives, it must appropriately tailor its cultures and use the available power to enact laws that are aimed to eliminate corruption. References Ferrel, O., Fraedrich, J., Ferrel, L. (2008). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Fletcher, W. H., Plette, T. N. (2008).  The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Implementation, significance, and impact. New York, NY:   Nova Science Publishers. Transparency International. (2009). Global corruption 2009: Corruption and the private sector. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Wilson, P. J. (2009). Culture of New Zealand. Web.

Environmental Interest Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Interest Groups - Essay Example An individual can become the volunteer of NWF at free cost by making online registration under â€Å"Volunteer† option in organization’s website. The NWF offers its members a flexible benefit package that contains variety of options; and this package allows the members or employees to customize the benefits in accordance with their individual/family needs. The NWF unites broad spectrum of people who maintain great concern on the sustainability of wildlife; and this group generally includes ‘wildlife gardeners, bird watchers, nature lovers, outdoor enthusiasts, and others’ (Siemann, 2009). Global warming is one of the potential current topics to NWF. In addition, human interference with nature is another current challenge that the organization takes into account. Unfair human interaction leads to a series of threats to wildlife conservation, air quality, and water resources. Sale of NWF’s Nature Education Merchandise constitutes one of the main revenu e sources of the organization. Donations from members, organizations, and other persons are other sources of income for National Wildlife Federation. For instance, the Mobile Giving Foundation is assisting NWF by raising funds for the Gulf oil spill.

Asian Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Asian Philosophy - Essay Example The T’ien-t’ai school was founded on the Lotus Sutra as interpreted by Chih-k’ai who was a Chinese monk in the sixth century. The T’ien-t’ai school was doctrinal and is portrayed by its stress on reflection in addition to philosophical substance. It viewed the Lotus Sutra as holding the paths for deliverance through practice. It hence was a connection between the dominant Northern Chinese progress of Buddhism as a religion of conviction and discipline and the southern scholastic tradition (ibid). The Hua-yen school was based on the Indian Avitamsaka Scripture. The primary principle of the school is dharmadatu, the general causation of the dimension of the law. The dimension of the law is the dimension of the whole universe in all domains. The philosophical development of general causation was natively Chinese. It was an expansion of the Buddha’s account of dependant beginning so as to explain the emergence of the universe as synchronized (Lai, 2007). Ch’an emphasized on dhyana or deliberation. Deliberation was a general practice in all kind of Buddhism, Chinese and Indian. Numerous of the initial texts interpreted into Chinese were because of the enthusiasm of the Chinese intelligentsia and several Taoist’s appreciation of deliberation. Nevertheless, numerous of these texts were difficult and occasionally conflicting which resulted in to a definite exposure in Chinese practice (ibid). The Pure Land School was above all conviction based and devotional in custom. Its focus was on faith in Amitabha Buddha. The foremost form of custom was in dedication and calling the name of Amitabha so as to acquire his deliverance and hence rebirth in the pure land of the west. This school substantially abandoned the essentiality for self-improvement through the Buddha’s principles of the path to salvation (Peach, 2002). If I were to choose among the four schools of Buddhism, I will prefer Pure Land Buddhism because its